I was absorbed in my studies an idea suddenly struck my mind to examine the doctrine of the Holy Trinity, the Basic formula of the Christian faith. The question, how three different things can be one and the same, arose in my mind i.e. how anything singularly absolute in its unity with its indivisible oneness, can ever by itself become divided into three separate beings with three variant native attributes opposed to each other justifying the distribution into the three different entities.

chakula:

I was absorbed in my studies an idea suddenly struck my mind to examine the doctrine of the Holy Trinity, the Basic formula of the Christian faith. The question, how three different things can be one and the same, arose in my mind i.e. how anything singularly absolute in its unity with its indivisible oneness, can ever by itself become divided into three separate beings with three variant native attributes opposed to each other justifying the distribution into the three different entities.

Go get a life there are many threads on trinity Already

"My dear friend suppose you want me to prove by some mathematical formula how water can remain water and at the same time be fire, or how a stone can be a stone at the same time be water too, how can I do it? I do not think any sensible man on earth can ever conceive such a possibility. How the Ever living God who being the Ever living Life itself, can also at the same time be a mortal i.e. be a man to suffer death at the hands of the other mortals? And how the same mortal being at the same time could be the Absolute Immortal God? It is a problem which the priest wants you to believe and you have to merely believe in it and none has any choice of even questioning the practicability of this inconceivable dogma."

Go get a life there are many threads on trinity Already
[quote][/quote]

I am very lucky that Jesus responded first, but he posted unenthusiastic answer, but some that are knowledgeable may answer me convincingly.

An Absolute one must be totally independent in its existence, as it impossible to reason out the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. The science of Mathematics or any other science which any human genius can ever conceive, until the end of time, can never solve this inconceivable riddle."

What is the Trinity?


Describing God

God is described with different words in the Bible, a few of which translate into English as LORD, Lord, the LORD almighty, God, God Almighty and so forth. When reading these in different places in the Bible, you become aware that although God is “one” He is also “more than one”—God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit (Holy Ghost). Together, they are referred to as “the Trinity” or “the Godhead.” On this page we will provide explanations that help people understand God, Jesus, the Holy Spirit, and the Trinity.

God is not so complex that He can not be understood. The Bible is written so that anyone can understand Him. The difference is that God is not human, so He can not be described as a human can be described. The gods of every other religion can be described in “normal” terms since they were invented in the minds of men.* Even some “Christians” (actually Christian cults) invent their own description of God and make Him seem like these other gods (by denying the aspect of the Trinity). On this page we will clarify the Trinity so that you can understand this aspect of God.

* Romans 1:20-23 (chapter 1, verses 20-23)


The Simple Answer

The explanation of the Trinity is so simple that most people miss it.

* If God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit were the same, they would not have different names.
* If they were the same, they would not appear separately as they do in Matthew 3:16,17.
* In spite of being different, they are “one.” (John 10:30)

So we understand that the three “members” of the Trinity are different, but have the same purpose (and they are all God—more on that later).
A Rough Analogy

About 20 years ago, Dr. Harold Willmington (Liberty University) shared an analogy he had heard with his students, comparing the Trinity to a book. For example, a book has length, width, and thickness. The length is not the book’s width, the width is not the book’s thickness. These three dimensions can be described separately, yet they are connected together. If you remove one dimension, you are no longer describing a book. In the same way, the Godhead has three separate members that are connected together, and if you try to remove one you no longer have the Godhead.

God Is One

God is described as “one” in Deuteronomy 6:4, 1 Kings 8:60, Isaiah 44:8 and numerous other passages. For example, Deuteronomy 6:4 says “Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is one!” The word for “one” is the Hebrew word ‘echad. (This Old Testament text was originally written in Hebrew). This is the same Hebrew word that is used for “one” in Genesis 2:24—Therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and they shall become one flesh.

In case you haven’t noticed smile when a man and woman are married they do not melt into one human being, becoming some sort of hybrid. Yet, they do become “one.” We could cite other examples, but we have made our point.

God Is More Than One

Genesis 1:26, Genesis 3:22, Genesis 11:7, Isaiah 6:8, and other passages are examples of conversations within which God uses the word “we” or “us.” However, God is not referring to any others (people, angels, etc.) in these verses. Since God is having a conversation, the “we” and “us” must therefore refer to the Trinity. You might say that God speaks to Himself in the plural form.

The Trinity Is God

Matthew 28:16-20 is a passage referred to as “The Great Commission.” In verse 19, Jesus states, “Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,”

Why did Jesus tell his eleven disciples to baptize people in the names of all three members of the Trinity? Why not one or two? It is obvious from this passage that the entire Trinity is God.

Jesus Is God

We understand that many people agree that God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit exist. (We are sure that God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit are relieved to hear that! smile ) These same people may even agree that God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit are “working together.” However, the followers of several cults are taught that Jesus is “just a prophet,” or “only the son of God”—not God. This wrong viewpoint is easily clarified by looking at two Bible verses: Isaiah 9:6, and Isaiah 43:12 (below).

Isaiah 9:6
For unto us a Child is born,
Unto us a Son is given;
And the government will be upon His shoulder.
And His name will be called
Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God [0410],
Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace.

Isaiah 43:12
I have declared and saved,
I have proclaimed,
And there was no foreign god among you;
Therefore you are My witnesses,”
Says the LORD [03068], “that I am God [0410].”

Notice the numbers in brackets that we placed in the text. Those numbers indicate the “Strong’s Numbers” of those particular words. Strong’s Numbers are index numbers in a document called a “Strong’s Concordance” that allow someone who only reads English to understand what the Bible’s original Hebrew words are. For example, the number [03068] refers to the Hebrew word YHWH. This word is usually written in English as LORD, Jehovah, or (phonetically) Y@hovah. Similarly, the number [0410] refers to the Hebrew word ‘el, which is normally written in English as God.

It has been thoroughly proven that Isaiah 9:6 is a Messianic Prophecy referring to Jesus Christ. Notice how Isaiah 43:12 clearly shows that God (YHWH) refers to himself as God (‘El)—the exact same term (‘El) used to refer to Jesus. There are numerous other examples, but we will not belabor the point. It is obvious that God and Jesus are both God.
Jesus Doing What Only God Can Do

Mark chapter 2 opens up with an interesting story about Jesus healing a paralytic man. Notice that Jesus forgives the man’s sins in verse 5 and the reaction of the teachers of the law (the religious experts of the day) in verses 6 and 7.

Mark chapter 2
1 And again He entered Capernaum after some days, and it was heard that He was in the house.
2 Immediately many gathered together, so that there was no longer room to receive them, not even near the door. And He preached the word to them.
3 Then they came to Him, bringing a paralytic who was carried by four men.
4 And when they could not come near Him because of the crowd, they uncovered the roof where He was. So when they had broken through, they let down the bed on which the paralytic was lying.
5 When Jesus saw their faith, He said to the paralytic, “Son, your sins are forgiven you.”
6 And some of the scribes were sitting there and reasoning in their hearts,
7 “Why does this Man speak blasphemies like this? Who can forgive sins but God alone?”
8 But immediately, when Jesus perceived in His spirit that they reasoned thus within themselves, He said to them, “Why do you reason about these things in your hearts?
9 Which is easier, to say to the paralytic, ‘Your sins are forgiven you,’ or to say, ‘Arise, take up your bed and walk’?
10 But that you may know that the Son of Man has power on earth to forgive sins”—He said to the paralytic,
11 “I say to you, arise, take up your bed, and go to your house.”
12 Immediately he arose, took up the bed, and went out in the presence of them all, so that all were amazed and glorified God, saying, “We never saw anything like this!”

The teachers of the law knew that only God could forgive sin. Since the people could not “see” sin being forgiven, Jesus proved He did indeed forgive the man’s sins by supernaturally healing the man’s paralysis (providing visible proof everyone could see). You can also read about this event in Luke 5:17-26. In both cases it is obvious that Jesus is God.
Out of the Mouth of Jesus

In Luke 22:70 and John 8:58, Jesus answers questions put to him by the Pharisees that declare Himself to be on “God’s level.” Notice how Jesus answered their questions by saying “I am.” (Ego eimi in Greek.) Ego eimi is not a translation of YHWH, but it is similar to our translating YHWH into “I AM” in English. This choice of words was not lost on the Jewish audience He was talking to! They immediately wanted to kill Jesus for blasphemy. That is, the Jews believed that by comparing Himself to God in that way, that Jesus deserved death. They clearly understood the implication Jesus was making—that He was the same as God. We hope that makes sense to you also.

In addition, humans are tripartite in nature (Body, Soul and Spirit) but that does not make us THREE, and the Bible has made it clear the God created man in His own image.

chakula:


An Absolute one must be totally independent in its existence,  as it impossible to reason out the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. The science of Mathematics or any other science which any human genius can ever conceive, until the end of time, can never solve this inconceivable riddle."

Water=Solid,Liquid&gas

[center]TRINITY[/center]
Introduction
God is a trinity of persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.  The Father is not the same person as the Son; the Son is not the same person as the Holy Spirit; and the Holy Spirit is not the same person as Father.  They are not three gods and not three beings.  They are three distinct persons; yet, they are all the one God.  Each has a will, can speak, can love, etc., and these are demonstrations of personhood.  They are in absolute perfect harmony consisting of one substance.  They are coeternal, coequal, and copowerful.  If any one of the three were removed, there would be no God. (Jesus, the Son, is one person with two natures: Divine and Human.  The Holy Spirit is also divine in nature and is self aware, the third person of the Trinity.

A further point of clarification is that God is not one person, the Father, with Jesus as a creation and the Holy Spirit as a force (Jehovah's Witnesses). Neither is He one person who took three consecutive forms, i.e., the Father, became the Son, who became the Holy Spirit.  Nor is God the divine nature of the Son (where Jesus had a human nature perceived as the Son and a divine nature perceived as the Father (Oneness theology).  Nor is the Trinity an office held by three separate Gods (Mormonism).
The chart below should help you to see how the doctrine of the Trinity is systematically derived from Scripture.  The list is not exhaustive, only illustrative.
1. There is only one God
Isaiah 43:10; 44:6,8; 45:5,14,18,21,22; 46:9; 47:8; John 17:3; 1 Cor. 8:5-6; Gal. 4:8-9                                                                                    The first step is to establish the biblical doctrine that there is only one God.  Then, you find that each of the persons is called God, each creates, each was involved in Jesus' resurrection, each indwells, etc.  Therefore, God is one, but the one God is in three simultaneous persons.  Please note that the idea of a composite unity is not a foreign concept to the Bible; after all, man and wife are said to be one flesh.  The idea of a composite unity of persons is spoken of by God in Genesis (Gen. 2:24).
2. The Three Persons of the Trinity Share the Characteristics of Divinity

            FATHER SON               HOLY SPIRIT

Called God Phil. 1:2 John 1:1,14; 20:28,Col. 2:9 Acts 5:3-4
Creator Isaiah 64:8 John 1:3; Col. 1:15-17 Job 33:4, 26:13
Resurrects 1 Thess. 1:10 John 2:19, 10:17 Rom. 8:11
Indwells 2 Cor. 6:16 Col. 1:27 John 14:17
Everywhere 1 Kings 8:27 Matt. 28:20 Psalm 139:7-10
All knowing 1 John 3:20 John 16:30; 21:17 1 Cor. 2:10-11
Sanctifies 1 Thess. 5:23 Heb. 2:11 1 Pet. 1:2
Life giver Gen. 2:7: John 5:21 John 1:3; 5:21 2 Cor. 3:6,8
Fellowship 1 John 1:3 1 Cor. 1:9 2 Cor. 13:14; Phil. 2:1
Eternal Psalm 90:2 Micah 5:1-2 Rom. 8:11; Heb. 9:14
A Will Luke 22:42 Luke 22:42 1 Cor. 12:11
Speaks Matt. 3:17;Luke 9:25 Luke 5:20; 7:48 Acts 8:29; 11:12; 13:2
Love John 3:16 Eph. 5:25 Rom. 15:30
Searches
the heart
Jer. 17:10
Rev. 2:23
1 Cor. 2:10
We belong to John 17:9 John 17:6 . . .
Savior 1 Tim. 1:1; 2:3; 4:10 2 Tim. 1:10; Titus 1:4; 3:6 . . .
We serve Matt. 4:10 Col. 3:24 . . .
Believe in John 14:1 John 14:1 . . .
Gives joy . . . John 15:11 John 14:7
Judges John 8:50 John 5:22,30 . . .


3. Plurality in the Godhead
The following group of scriptures strongly suggests a plurality within the Godhead. These verses are translated correctly in the Jehovah's Witness Bible so you can encourage them to use it.
1. Gen. 1:26, "Then God said, 'Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness . . .'"
They will say that angels are the ones who helped God make man. However, there is no scriptural evidence for that. God is the only creator. Rather, Col. 1:15-17 says that Jesus is the creator of all things--including man and Isaiah 44:24 says that God created the heavens and the earth all alone.
2. Gen. 19:24, "Then the LORD [Jehovah] rained on Sodom and Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the LORD [Jehovah] out of heaven."
Compare this with Amos 4:10-11, 'I sent a plague among you after the manner of Egypt; I slew your young men by the sword along with your captured horses, and I made the stench of your camp rise up in your nostrils; yet you have not returned to Me,' declares the LORD. I overthrew you as God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah . . . '"
Jehovah is the one talking and He says, "I overthrew you as God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah, " Very interesting.
3. In the Bible God is called the first and last and so is Jesus. (Isaiah 44:6, 48:16 Revelation 1:8, 17-18; 22:12-13),
4. Matt 22:41-45 “While the Pharisees were gathered together, Jesus asked them, Saying, What think ye of Christ? whose son is he? They say unto him, The Son of David. He saith unto them, How then doth David in spirit call him Lord, saying, The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool? If David then call him Lord, how is he his son?”
Therefore, the doctrine of the Trinity is arrived at by looking at the whole of scripture, not in a single verse.  It is the doctrine that there is only one God, not three, and that the one God exists in three persons: Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. An analogy would be time.  Time is past, present, and future.  But, there are not three times, only one.

Jesus' Two Natures: God and Man
Jesus is God in human flesh.  He is not half God and half man.  He is fully divine and fully man.  That is, Jesus has two distinct natures: divine and human.  Jesus is the Word who was God and was with God and was made flesh, (John 1:1,14).   This means that in the single person of Jesus is both a human and divine nature.   The divine nature was not changed.  It was not altered. He is not merely a man who "had God within Him" nor is he a man who "manifested the God principle."  He is God, second person of the Trinity. "The Son is the radiance of God's glory and the exact representation of his being, sustaining all things by his powerful word," (Heb. 1:3, NIV). Jesus' two natures are not "mixed together," nor are they combined into a new God-man nature.  They are separate yet act as a unit in the one person of Jesus.  This is called the Hypostatic Union.
The following chart should help you see the two natures of Jesus "in action":

GOD MAN
He is worshiped (Matt. 2:2,11; 14:33). He worshiped the Father (John 17).
He was called God (John 20:28; Heb. 1: He was called man (Mark 15:39; John 19:5).
He was called Son of God (Mark 1:1) He was called Son of Man (John 9:35-37)
He is prayed to (Acts 7:59). He prayed to the Father (John 17).
He is sinless (1 Pet. 2:22; Heb. 4:15). He was tempted (Matt. 4:1).
He knows all things (John 21:17). He grew in wisdom (Luke 2:52).
He gives eternal life (John 10:28). He died (Rom. 5:.
All the fullness of deity dwells in Him (Col. 2:9). He has a body of flesh and bones (Luke 24:39).

The Holy Spirit
Jehovah's Witnesses teach that the Holy Spirit is an active force like radar. They deny that He is alive and that He is a person. This is, of course, because they deny the Trinity. Yet, if the Holy Spirit is simply a force then, 
Why is He called God (Acts 5:3-5)?, How is it that He can teach (John 14:26)?, How can He be blasphemed (Matt. 12:31,32)? How can He be the one who comforts (Acts 9:31)?, How is it possible for Him to speak (Acts 28:25)?, How then can He be resisted (Acts 7:51)?, How can He be grieved (Eph. 4:30)?, How can He help us in our weaknesses (Rom. 8:26)?, If the Holy Spirit is a force, then how is it possible that the above mentioned characteristics are attributed to Him? A force doesn't speak, teach, comfort, etc. Nor can you blaspheme against a force.

does anyone really think chakula is genuinely interested in understanding the trinity?

just like Benny Hinn describe the trinity.lets look at our body.it comprises of the blood water and air yet this three works together to giv us one person.
also dat of water changing to ice and to vapour then to liquid that same water. my brother you cant really get the explanation or else you experience this wonderful thing.

^^^^
and what "wonderful thing" do you have in mind?

Many have tried to explain the concept of the Trinity using physical elements, water etc. This just goes to show how limited man's knowledge is compared to God's. This is the Simple truth: On one can REALLY understand the 'TRINITY'. God's ways are higher than our ways. The only explanation that makes sense (and this is what I tell Muslims). First of all, Do you believe that WITH GOD, ALL THINGS ARE POSSIBLE? If Yes, then the complexity and 'impossibility' of the TRINITY is POSSIBLE with GOD. End of story! If No, then you have a serious problem that should be addressed quickly.

I dont think this chaluka is genuinely seeking. Its pure jestation

davidylan:

does anyone really think chakula is genuinely interested in understanding the trinity?

The trinity is a concept deviced by the catholic church n its funny how its been adopted by evangelicals who so despice the catholics

how come the prophets of old who were purported to have one-on-one chats wit god never were aware of dis so-called 3 in 1 god

The origin of the Trinity.

http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/Contents/doctrine/The%20Origin%20of%20the%20Trinity.htm

There is a logical answer to how 3 equals 1.

People who have problems with the Trinity normally use 1+1+1=3 as a way to debunk it. They are right. This is obviously incorrect. The maths doesn't add up.

But try using 1x1x1=1 instead and you get a better understanding of it's meaning.

@all,

if the above comment is true please can somebody enlighting me with how many gods remain since it was already mentioned by xtians that jesus has died on cross this is simply tells me that the trinity was not in existance by the way how can god wounded himself by removing some part of his body?

------------- Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is God and man;-imagine how can at the same time god turn to man or man turn to god?

Dear Chakula,

You are seeking rational (scientific) explanation for GOD? Sorry you cant find it. Those trying to use the bible to explain to Chakula are wasting their times because he sees the bible as a history book of art. It will NEVER make spiritual sense to him. But I have one advice for you Chakula, If you can explain to yourself (not to me or other nairalanders please) how you start to dream in your sleep, when to start or stop dreaming, the days to dream or not to dream, then you will find the answer you seek inside of you. I said INSIDE of you.

Chakula.

I could ask you a question that cannot be answered factually - Who are you?

You seem to be deliberately acting ignorantly.
Although I'm no perpetuator of literal Christianity, there is plenty on the internet that describes what the Trinity is supposed to mean. Greek philosophy, ancient Egyptian religion and plenty of other belief systems have used a Trinity in their ethos.

Instead of asking for a scientific rationale, try actually looking for the meaning behind it. Where religion is concerned, spirituality must be taken into account. Otherwise, you're no different from those who swallow everything that the Bible says as total and utter fact.

davidylan:

does anyone really think chakula is genuinely interested in understanding the trinity?

toba:

I dont think this chaluka is genuinely seeking. Its pure gestation

Bastage:

Chakula.

I could ask you a question that cannot be answered factually - Who are you?

You seem to be deliberately acting ignorantly.
Although I'm no perpetuator of literal Christianity, there is plenty on the internet that describes what the Trinity is supposed to mean. Greek philosophy, ancient Egyptian religion and plenty of other belief systems have used a Trinity in their ethos.

Instead of asking for a scientific rationale, try actually looking for the meaning behind it. Where religion is concerned, spirituality must be taken into account. Otherwise, you're no different from those who swallow everything that the Bible says as total and utter fact.

U don't need to answer the guy he came here to ridicule and not a genuine seeker

@toba,

i dey wonder wo, if you are not able to deliver over my inquiry why are you trying to discourage those that were capable to respond against it, what kind of creature are you.

though counted all as one. there is a problem. Jesus is the Son and Messiah, the holy spirit the active personality, then the father creator of all. could anybody provide the bible scriptures showing the differences between the father and the Godhead.

[size=13pt]I agree with you brother. . . .Christains are big disease that really need to be avoided at all times and would be best to abolish from the world . i have notice that immidiately an error is been pointed out from their so called religion is then , they would insult your full life for been so brilliant to recognise the badest idea that have already gone wrong on their believe.

Only when you point out errors in Christianity you see pastors and bishop acting like what they already condemn , reacting as unbeliever of their God. They never want to be corrected and always claiming to know everything with the help of the death Jesus who was killed by our fellow satanist many years ego and can't even find he's body.
[/size]

S@mi:

they will never come up with any reasonable thing except to insult you, i have being saying this for a very long time that christians are the most confused religion on earth, they are curse to human race.

@s@mi,You are right.

[size=13pt]Yes. . . .he's right. Christians are someting else. the worldly mad people is far better than them. What a Confussed set of people!! [/size]

chakula:

@s@mi,You are right.

Such a silly statement from u.

Ogaga4Luv:

[size=13pt]Yes. . . .he's right. Christians are someting else. the worldly mad people is far better than them. What a Confussed set of people!! [/size]

let's be careful of the things we post/say, especially about our god. i can see that some people are just here to cause confussion. fast to ask questions but very slow in accepting answers. why do some people ask the questions they know they will never accept any answers for? let's be very objective and stop this mockery. god is no respecter of anyone.

[size=13pt]^{Yeah dear. . . .i can boldly repeat such statement with another post because im not afraid of the truth . are Christians not worst than mad people. . . .i swear , your God can do me nothing. the only business i have with him is to provoke em to proof us his existence as claimed written in some religious books.}[/size]

toba:

Such a silly statement from u.

[size=13pt]^{God can't do me anything. . . . i have tasted him and defeated him in all aspect. I can't associate with such a sadist.}[/size]

golamike:

let's be careful of the things we post/say, especially about our god. i can see that some people are just here to cause confussion. fast to ask questions but very slow in accepting answers. why do some people ask the questions they know they will never accept any answers for? let's be very objective and stop this mockery. god is no respecter of anyone.

The Trinity Is Not A Biblical Belief
‘Wa shahida shahidun min ahliha’
“And a witness of Her Own Household Bore Witness”

…Major western encyclopedias and dictionaries, written in the Christian West, by mainly Western Christians, admit to these facts:

The New Encyclopedia Britannica: “Neither the word Trinity nor the explicit doctrine appears in the New Testament, nor did Jesus and his followers intend to contradict the Shema in the Old Testament: ‘Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord’ (Deuteronomy 6:4). …The doctrine developed gradually over several centuries and through many controversies. …It was not until the 4th century that the distinctness of the three and their unity were brought together in a single orthodox doctrine of one essence and three persons. …By the end of the 4th century … the doctrine of the Trinity took substantially the form it has maintained ever since.” 1


The Encyclopedia Americana: “Christianity derived from Judaism and Judaism was strictly Unitarian [believing that God is one person]. The road which led from Jerusalem to Nicea was scarcely a straight one. Fourth century Trinitarianism did not reflect accurately early Christian teaching regarding the nature of God; it was, on the contrary, a deviation from this teaching.” 2
1 The New Encyclopedia Britannica (vol. XI, pg.928) (2003)
2 The Encyclopedia Americana (vol. XXVII, pg.294L) (1956)

The Columbia Encyclopedia: “Trinity … the doctrine is not explicitly taught in the New Testament.” 3

The New Catholic Encyclopedia: “The formula [one God in three Persons] itself does not reflect the immediate consciousness of the period of origins; it was the product of 3 centuries of doctrinal development … The formulation ‘one God in three Persons’ was not solidly established, certainly not fully assimilated into Christian life and its profession of faith, prior to the end of the 4th century. But it is precisely this formulation that has first claim to the title the Trinitarian dogma. Among the Apostolic Fathers, there had been nothing even remotely approaching such a mentality or perspective.” 4

3 Legasse, P (Ed.) (2000). The Columbia Encyclopedia (Pg.2885)
4 The New Catholic Encyclopedia (vol. XIV, pg.295 & 299) (1967)