Many Nigerians dont know what caused the civil war. Some even believe that it was Ojukwu that started and caused the civil war. Nothing could be further from the truth. The war was caused by Gowon and his fellow Northerners who in their desperate bid to become Lord and masters of Nigeria, rejected an agreement that was signed in Aburi, Ghana.

The short story of it all is that in January 1966, there was a coup which was mainly led by officers of Igbo extraction. The coup led to an Igbo man called Ironsi, becoming president of Nigeria. Some Northern officers took this to be an "Igbo coup" and secretly planned a counter coup which they carried out 6 months later. They killed Ironsi and installed the highest ranking Northerner in the Nigerian Army, Lt Col Gowon, as head of state.

But there was a problem. Nigeria operated a Regional system of government back then and had 4 Regions. The Regions were more powerful than the Government at the centre. The Eastern Region and its military Governor, Lt Col Ojukwu, flatly refused to recognise Gowon as head of state. This was made worse by the fact that of the 4 Regional Governors of the time, 3 of them, including Ojukwu, were all senior to Gowon.

The only solution to the problem was to call a meeting of all 4 Military Governors with Gowon and that meeting was held in Aburi, Ghana, in January 1967. At that meeting, all 4 Regional Military Governors decided to recognise Gowon as head of state as long as certain conditions were fulfilled. They included that all 4 Regions would have its own Army, Police, more control over its resources and fiscal responsibility and above all, Gowon would not change the political composition of Nigeria unless all 4 Regions agreed to it through the Military Governors.

Gowon signed that agreement. This agreement prevented any Region from dominating another. But when Gowon returned to Nigeria, he realised that the agreement prevented the North from being the dominant force in Nigeria so he broke the agreement by abolishing the 4 Regions and replaced them with 12 states. All of a sudden the North that was one Region, suddenly became 6 states, while the 3 other Regions became 6 states. This effectively made the North dominant over others. It also removed the Regional system that made the centre weak. Ojukwu and the Eastern Region were not about to take it lying down.

With the Aburi agreement destroyed by Gowon and his Northern cohorts, Ojukwu had only two choices, accept Northern domination or declare independence. Ojukwu declared independence and Gowon declared war.

Had Gowon kept to the agreement he signed, there would have been no war. However, Gowon and his fellow greedy Northerners were only interested in turning Nigeria into their private property.

Only Ojukwu and the Eastern Region had the guts to rise up and say no to that enslavement and that's why there was war

This recent development is from which source??

Which mumu regional govt are you talking about?
Same one destroyed by Ironsi?

Kapeter:
Which mumu regional govt are you talking about?

Same one destroyed by Ironsi?

The best way to hide ignorance is to keep mute.

As usual, again with the nyamuri flat.heads narrative deprived from RadioBiafraud, where everyone is to be blamed but not them!!!

Accorsing to them, there was nothing wrong when they massacred mainly northern soldiers and their family, they think they could eat their cake and have it... I'm happy those 3m bastarfd were massacred in cold blood!!

[quote author=gidgiddy

With the Aburi agreement destroyed by Gowon and his Northern cohorts, Ojukwu had only two choices, accept Northern domination or declare independence. Ojukwu declared independence and Gowon declared war.

[/quote]


Even as a military officer with above average cerebral attributes, Ojukwu chose to go for independence whilst well aware that his chances are quite slim

Basically, ojukwu didn't want northern domination so he gambled with
million of lives , mostly from his region only to finally succumb to the same northern domination, eventually.

He even came back from exile to join the same northern party as a arse-liker, sitting at the same table with those northern elites who allegedly try to annihilate his
people , less than a decade before.

These are the same folks, ojukwu swore he "ll only deal with, on the battlefield. Hey no biggie though, as we have all come to realise, you guys are not immuned from feasting on your own vomit.

Good info,but ojukwu actually started a war he knew he can't win.

Una still carry Una cries enter new year. Radio Biafra versions

Shior

Op,It's you that should not cause another civil war with this your senseless post

Formularcr7:
Good info,but ojukwu actually started a war he knew he can't win.

It is only in the land of the fools that a group's desire for home land amounts to declaration of war.

gidgiddy:


Only Ojukwu and the Eastern Region had the guts to rise up and say no to that enslavement and that's why there was war

OP, you don't have knowledge.
How many of your people rise up against the government like the Yorubas??

Awolowo
Dele Giwa
Gani Fawehinmi
Wole Soyinka
During Abacha time
I can't even remember all..
And you guys will be chest beating.

The only time you fought war is once.

Yorubas have fought war(intra) many times.

Dedetwo:


The best way to hide ignorance is to keep mute.

You are the ignoramus here. Your people killed regionalism and you people will continue to pay for it. That Decree 34 of 1966 by the olojukokoro Aguyi Ironsi was the beginning of Nigeria's problems. Aguyi Ironsi abolished regional government in 1966, just one year after in 1967, you picked up arms against the Federal Republic shouting marginalization. Who laid the foundation for marginalization?

Just know that anytime you go haywire again and pick up arms against the Federal Republic, you will be humiliated and annihilated.


DECREE 34 of 1966: https://guardian.ng/opinion/history-and-the-future-of-decree-34-of-1966/amp/

What Biafrans Will Never Tell You About The Real Cause Of Their Woes In Nigeria 

WHAT BIAFRANS WILL NEVER TELL YOU ABOUT THE REAL CAUSE OF THEIR WOES IN NIGERIA TODAY:

The Igbo man is known to enjoy blaming the Hausafulanis, Yorubas and indeed every other Nigerian tribe and Lord Luggard/Britain for their third class citizen status of Nigeria. In their perpetual attempts to a play the victim card, they recount the political events of Nigeria from 1914 to the present in a half-baked and highly selective manner which cleverly avoids the mention of the roles played by their elite who by all natural laws of judgement were actually responsible for the woes that befell not only the Igbo race but the entire Nigeria. 
The story told in the post above is one of such selective and distorted accounts of history which the average Igbo man is fond of. 
However, the national archives have the complete and unedited history of Nigeria regarding the political events beginning from even before 1914. I will therefore proceed to furnish this house with the complete story for all to read and be endowed with enough facts so as to judge from an informed position.

Shortly after the 1914 Amalgamation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates, it started getting clear that the country was bound to fail as the amalgamation in question was done by colonial fiat without the consent of the different tribes which were over 300. This prompted the political leaders to start asking for de-amalgamation so as to forestall the future danger which the forced amalgamation portended. 
To that end, Ahmadu Bello, speaking on behalf of the Northern protectorate in 1944 described the amalgamation as "The mistake of 1914 which if allowed to remain will ultimately lead to unstoppable bloodshed and a failed country". 
Awolowo, speaking on behalf of the Yorubas and Western minorities, described Nigeria as a mere geographical expression not qualified to be a called a country let alone a nation. Awolowo added that if the amalgamation could not be reversed, then Nigeria should be structured as a strictly federal state so as to enable each tribe enjoy autonomy this freedom from being dominated by any other tribe. 

But Nnamdi Azikiwe, speaking for the Igbos, denounced Awolowo and Ahmadu Bello, termed them ethnic champions, accused them of nursing a sectional agenda against the unity of Nigeria, and declared that the Unity of Nigeria was non-negotiable. 

After moving motion for independece in 1953, Anthony Enahoro proposed that a secession clause should be incorporated into the future constipation of Nigeria so as to give legal backing for any tribe to peacefully exit the forced union if it feels marginalized in future. According to Enahoro, such provision in our constitution would instill in all Nigeria's future leaders the fear of the consequences of misgovernance. But Azikiwe, speaking on behalf of Igbos, rose against him in the parliament and labelled him an agent of disunity, and enemy of Nigeria. At a later date, Awolowo too made a case for secession clause, buy Azikiwe again resisted him and instigated the colonial authorities to threaten him and Enahoro with charges of treasonable felony if they didn't stop proposing secession clause for the future constipation. While Azikiwe did all this, Igbos cheered and urged him on because they felt the future Nigeria was theirs to dominate and lord it over every other tribe 

Before independece, Tafawa Balewa too had in a public speech described Nigeria as a British experiment and Nigeria's unity as a British intention which Nigerians themselves don't believe in. But Azikiwe kicked demonized him too. Had Azikiwe co-operated with Enahoro, Awolowo, Ahmadu Bello and Tafawa Balewa about the secession clause, Nigeria perhaps would not have been this misgoverned.

For those in doubt, here is a link of one of the numerous instances in which Nnamdi Azikiwe fought against the secession clause proposal for the future Nigeria constitution. 


https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2017/06/my-opposition-to-secession-zik/

It should be noted that there were many Igbo members of the parliament in which Azikiwe fought against Awolowo's secession clause proposal in the link above, but not a single one of them rose against Azikiwe or condemned him.

Igbos initially never wanted to hear anything like secession in Nigeria because they so much believed, though falsely, that they were the most educated tribe. (The first Nigerian tribe to produce a university graduate is the Binis).
As an evidence of Igbo domination agenda hence their initial resistance to the idea of secession; here are some quotes: 
"From all indications, the god of us Igbos have destined us to rule the whole of Africa"..... Nnamdi Azikiwe (1945).

"It is getting clearer each day that Igbo domination of Nigeria is just a question of time"... Oscar Onyeamma. (1949)
As at 1900, the whole of the present Benue State, Kogi East Senatorial District and some southern parts of Taraba State called Munchi District back then; were all in the Southern Protectorate. Whoever doubts this should consult MacMillan Atlas for secondary schools in Nigeria. 
With that situation the South had a higher population than the North hence always had an upper hand in any democratic bargain. 
But as at the early fifties when the regions were being created, common sense dictated clearly that these areas should fall in the future Eastern Region. But against common sense, the colonial masters decided to gerrymander them into the Northern Region. While they did that, the Azikiwe who was supposed to be in Enugu fighting against it as the leader of the East, was far away in Ibadan struggling with Awolowo to rule the Western Region and also playing the spoiler role against Awolowo's attempts to have Kwara and present Kogi Yorubas carved into the Western Region from the North which was already too large by landmass.
While he abandoned his burning house and was far away in Ibadan struggling against Awolowo for his own (Awolowo's) region, Igbos saw absolutely nothing wrong with that. Rather they applauded him as a nationalist. A nationalist whose house was burning yet busy chasing rats in a far away land.
When opinions became unanimous that Lord Luggard and his government must be forced out of Nigeria and indeed the whole of Africa, it was still the Igbos that frustrated the attempts. Here is how: 
In 1948, Anthony Enahoro organized an anti-colonization symposium in Lagos for which Azikiwe and some other Igbos had agreed to deliver the keynote address. 
But when the D-day came, Azikiwe was nowhere to be found as he deliberately disappeared into thin air for fear of being arrested and dealt with by Lord Luggard. 
Anthony Enahoro then quickly replaced Azikiwe with another person who did the job improptu but perfectly well as he lambasted and lampooned Lord Luggard and the British Government. However, the British soldiers invaded the symposium venue, arrested the speaker and Enahoro and jailed them for treasonable felony. 
Ironically, the next day Azikiwe came out of hiding and granted a radio interview in which he accused Enahoro and the other organizers of suffering from youthful exhuberance. 
On regaining his freedom few weeks later and being told of Azikiwe's radio interview, Enahoro resigned from his post as Editor of Azikiwe's newspaper - The West African Pilot. 
Then he wrote a book titled "Nnamdi Azikiwe: Sinner of Saint". 
After laughing the book, Enahoro left Azikiwe's party - the NCNC, and moved over to Awolowo's Action Group.
The first military coup in Nigeria was carried out by majority Igbo army officers. That was the coup that truncated democracy just six years post Independence and led to a succession of coups which put the country on the reverse gear for 33 years. 
Through that first coup, those Igbo army officers who accused the politicians and government of the day of monumental corruption, killed the political leaders of the Northern, Western and Midwestern Regions but allowed all Igbo political figures escape by tipping them off prior to the D-Day. In addition to the killing of political figures, they also killed a total of 27 innocent high ranking military officers from every region except their Eastern Region. 
In the end an Igbo man called Aguiyi Ironsi, who was supposed to have been killed alongside other military officers, ended up becoming the new military ruler of Nigeria. Rather than immediately arrest and punish the coup plotters, he kept them in detention where they were treated as heros. This was actually what sowed the seed for the eventual Biafra War. On the 23rd of February 1966 (i.e. a month and 8 days after the first coup porpularly but wrongly known as Nzeogwu coup, an Ijaw born Army officer called Isaac Adaka Boro who hailed from Kaima town of present Bayelsa State, declared the secession of the Niger Delta Republic in an attempt to free his Ijaw people from the monumental marginalization they had been suffering under Igbos in the old Eastern Region. 
But Aguiyi Ironsi immediately ordered Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu to arrest him and hand him over to the military high command under him in Lagos. Ojukwu went all out against Isaac Adaka Boro with federal military might and within 12 fighting days killed 150 Isaac Boro's soldiers, arrested him, stripped him Unclad, and had him driven to Lagos and handed to Ironsi who immediately charged him to court and within two months secured against him a conviction of treasonable felony for which he was sentenced to death by hanging fixed for December that year by the Supreme Court. His 'crime' was that he declared secession of The Niger Delta Republic from Nigeria. Meanwhile the Igbo coupists who shed innocent blood of other tribes and even sprayed bullets into the bellies of the pregnant wives of Ahmadu Bello and Brigadier Shodeinde were not charged to court or arraigned before any military tribunal. 

Isaac Adaka Boro was in detention waiting for December to come for him to join his ancestors. But God so kind, a revenge coup happened on July 29 by Northern soldiers and Ironsi was overthrown and killed. Gowon took over and released Isaac Adaka Boro unconditionally, reinstated him into the Army with his previous rank. 
Then on May 30, 1967, Ojukwu too declared secession of Biafra Republic from Nigeria and without consulting or apologising to Isaac Boro's, drew a Biafra map which included the very areas that made up Isaac Adaka Boro's earlier declared Niger Delta Republic for which he fought against him and killed his soldiers. 
Seeing such level of arrogance in Ojukwu, Isaac Boro asked Gowon to provide arms for him to crush Biafra by fighting on the Nigerian side in vengeance for Ojukwu's frustration of his own secession declaration 15 months earlier. 
Isaac Boro, as an Ijaw man conversant with the waterways, led the Nigeria Army through the coastal areas into Igbo land to finish off thousands of Ojukwu's soldiers thus leading to the crushing defeat of Biafra. 
But today, Igbos accuse Ijaws of betraying them in the war. But from the facts as above, who really betrayed the other in all honesty? Be the judge.
Why Gowon fought against Ojukwu's declaration of Biafra was as follows: 
After Ironsi and Ojukwu successfully crushed Isaac Boro's Niger Delta Republic declaration, Ironsi immediately proceeded to promulgate the Anti-secession Decree which made the mere mention of secession from Nigeria punishable with death by hanging. Ojukwu openly supported and endorsed the decree despite disapproval of it by the general public. So when Ojukwu later declared Biafra secession, he was reminded of the Anti-secession Decree made by him and his brother Ironsi.
Deadly Truth: Igbos frequently reference Aburi Accord to create the impression that the rest Nigerian tribes don't honour agreements. This is a very dishonest narrative from Igbos. 
First and foremost Aburi Accord was organized by soldiers and unelected civil servants who should not participate in political exercises like making laws due to the civil service anonymity principle. Secondly, those civil servants and military men in attendance were not elected by their federal constituencies to the Aburi summit. In the philosophy of democracy the only universally acceptable way of making laws is through duly elected representatives of the people. But in going to Aburi the peoples' representatives duly elected in the 1965 elections were all sidelined for soldiers to hijacked the process. Where on earth do soldiers make laws for the people? Rather the civilian populace makes laws that guide the military. Aburi Accord therefore had no seal of the people's sovereignty hence it was an illegality which shouldn't have been allowed to stand. 
Thirdly, in 1957, Nigerians from all federal constituencies democratically elected representatives whom they sponsored to London, paid their flight tickets and hotel accommodation for the Independence constitutional conference. Those representatives all resolved and agreed on federalism marked by regional autonomy and resource control in the Independence constitution which they brought back home and everyone accepted it.
In that constitution, Nigerians all agreed that on no account shall the military take over power. It was also clearly stated in it that ammendments to it could be done by only democratically elected respresentatives. 
That constitution was the first ever agreement between all Nigerians. 
On the day of his inauguration as the Army GoC, Aguiyi Ironsi stood before the whole world and with his own mouth swore to protect and defend that sovereign Independence constitution regardless of the circumstances that may later arise. But just six years after he manufactured an excuse to clinic power against the clear provisions of that constitution we all agreed to, unilaterally began to amnend its provisions with his very offensive Decrees, and ended up dismantling the federalism and resource control therein, and ultimately subverted that constitution we all painstakingly sacrificed to draft. That was the height of irresponsibly and dishonoring of sacred agreement. That was how Igbos breached the first agreement we ever all mutually consented to, thus laying the foundation for violation of future agreements. So Aburi Accord was only treated exactly the same way Igbos treated the Independence constitution agreement.
Obasanjo removed history from d school curriculum hence d reason why many of wat we know of d eventualities in Biafra war were altered to suite their narratives

How Zik Handed Over Control Of Others In Nigeria To Fulani Oligarchy.

A few days ago, I got a message from a Young Yoruba citizen. He writes and I quote: 

"I believe Fulani is Yoruba's number one enemy which we all knew how the British handed over Nigeria to them."

This is not the truth. The British did not hand over Nigeria to the Fulani. 

Parliamentary elections were held in Nigeria on 12 December 1959. The result was a hung parliament with no clear majority to form a government. 

Zik's National Council of Nigeria and Cameroons (NCNC), came first with 2,594,577 votes to get 81 seats.

Awolowo's Action Group (AG), came second with 1,992,364 votes to get only 73 seats. 

However, the Ahmadu Bello's Northern People's Congress (NPC), came a distant third with 1,922,179 votes to get 134 of the 312 seats in the House of Representatives despite getting less public votes. 

The above three major political parties in the election did not get enough number of the seats to form a government. An alliance had to be formed to determine who would rule. 

It was a no brainer that Zik's NCNC and Awolowo's Action Group should make a coalition government as they came first and second respectively. Awolowo, then humbled himself and volunteered to be a Deputy Prime Minister or Finance Minister in a coalition government with Zik as the Prime Minister. This was because the Zik's NCNC party had more public votes and seats than the Awolowo's Action Group. 

Zik invited Awolowo’s team to Asaba, the gateway between the Yoruba's Western Region and the Igbo's Eastern Region to hold coalition talks. The talks were a clever ruse to keep Action Group’s hopes high, so that Action Group would be kept distracted from meeting with other minor parties for talks, including: Northern Elements Progressive Union with 8 seats; Mobolaje Grand Alliance with 6 seats; Igala Union with 4 seats; Independents Candidates with 4 seats; Igbira Tribal Union with 4 seats and the Niger Delta Congress with 1 seat.

Whilst the Action Group team was waiting in Asaba for a meeting with the NCNC, they read in the news that Zik and the NCNC had gone up North and clinched the deal with Ahmadu Bello on forming a coalition government with the NPC.

Tafawa Balewa, a Fulani, would be the Prime Minister of Nigeria while Zik would be the figure head Governor-General. Even Nkrumah of Ghana was shocked. He asked Zik why having spent so much energy fighting for colonial emancipation and then settling for a toothless bulldog role when Nigeria needed him the most.

Zik wrote in his autobiography why he did not form a coalition government with Awolowo.

In 1947, with over £13,500 raised from the Yoruba people and given to the NCNC, Zik had led other six prominent NCNC delegates to London to protest the “obnoxious laws” of Governor Arthur Richards. The trip ended in failure with backbiting, abuses and accusation of theft against Zik. Zik’s opponents at the NCNC, accused him of squandering the money and the trust of Nigerians.

Zik replied insinuating that the Yoruba on the team, that are: Mrs. Fumilayo Ransome-Kuti, Prince Adeleke Adedoyin, and Dr. A. B. Olorunnimbe, were the problem. 

There erupted a heated and prolonged press war between Zik’s Political Reminiscence in his West African Pilot and H.O. Davies’ Political Panorama in the Daily Service. This led to Igbo in Lagos rushing to buy machetes in large numbers thinking a tribal war was imminent. The Governor and his General Secretary, Hugh Foot, quickly called Zik and H.O. Davies to order at the Government House.

Zik went away with the resolve that “the Yoruba must not be allowed to rule over others in Nigeria”. And afterwards in the Daily Service published the speech of Zik in 1949 about Igbo been destined by God to conquer and rule over others. This among others, will explain why Zik rejected Awolowo's offer of a coalition government in 1959 and instead worked with the Fulani. 

The Fulani had been reading Zik and the Igbo through the lens of his 1949 speech ever since. The Fulani way of neutralising Zik when the opportunity came in 1959 was to offer him a powerless post, which surprisingly Zik and the NCNC dutifully accepted in place of being Nigeria’s first Prime Minister. 

Zik had thought that the Igbo can easily manipulate the Fulani in place of the educated Yoruba. He thus manipulated Balewa to arrest Awolowo in 1962 and to have him jailed for 10 years in 1963. 

Zik also manipulated Balewa to remove from the Western Region the Edo, Urhobo, Itsekiri and Western Ijaw that account for 70% of the oil wealth in Nigeria and created for them the Mid-West Region.

Zik's hatred for the Yoruba gave the Fulani the impetus to rule over others in Nigeria. The Igbo coup plotters tried to undo Zik's mistake in 1966 which resulted in the civil war.

Britain did not really hand over Nigeria to the Fulani. Nigeria was given over to the Fulani by the Igbo. However, to hold on to power in Nigeria, the Fulani enlisted the backing of the self-serving career politicians in England.

When will Igbo understand you can ear your cake n have it ? You destroyed regional govt by taking Nigeria into Unitary govt some the Igbo coupist can loot cocoa n groundnut wealth from West & North not knowing crude is about to be discovered in the East.

You tot yourself wise, a counter coup came into existence n suddenly you realized you have lost the wealth of your region to the unitary monster you created, you are now demanding for Aburi to return what you took from others which is why you lost the wealth of your region.

Who went to war when Ironsi declared unitary govt n why did Igbo chose to go to war after he lost the presidency ? What was lacking in regional that Aburi is beta than name one thing ?

Aburi accorl@d was a gimmick Igbo wish to get the wealth of their region back after losing it when they decreed the 3 north west n east region into a unitary system with Igbo's at the helm controlling the coffers. Little did they know a counter coup awaits.

gidgiddy:

Sammy07:


OP, you don't have knowledge.
How many of your people rise up against the government like the Yorubas??

Awolowo
Dele Giwa
Gani Fawehinmi
Wole Soyinka
During Abacha time
I can't even remember all..
And you guys will be chest beating.

The only time you fought war is once.

Yorubas have fought war(intra) many times.

What these people above did was childsplay compared to what Ojukwu did. These people rose up against government but Ojukwu rose up against an entire system and declared independence.

Even in a hundred years, I do not think that Yorubas will have that backbone to declare a seperate country

However, what I'm interested in exposing is that it was Gowon who caused the war by not honouring the agreement he signed in Ghana

APCNig:


You are the ignoramus here. Your people killed regionalism and you people will continue to pay for it. That Decree 34 of 1966 by the olojukokoro Aguyi Ironsi was the beginning of Nigeria's problems. Aguyi Ironsi abolished regional government in 1966, just one year after in 1967, you picked up arms against the Federal Republic shouting marginalization. Who laid the foundation for marginalization?

Just know that anytime you go haywire again and pick up arms against the Federal Republic, you will be humiliated and annihilated.


DECREE 34 of 1966: https://guardian.ng/opinion/history-and-the-future-of-decree-34-of-1966/amp/

There is a simple question you should ask your self. How is it possible that Ironsi abolished Regionalism when the 4 Regions of the time were still in existence a year after Ironsi died?

Tell Nigerians one thing in Aburi accord signed in Ghana not found in Regional govt ? Did the majority led Igbo coupist honour their oath or did Ironsi honour his by not jailing or killing the coupist ?

Why do you Igbos feel you are entitled to fair treatment you never gave others ? Yoruba never wailed to your father they need a new country, whenever that is our desire we will let you know.

Listen, the regional govt Igbo willingly abolish so they can access n loot cocoa wealth from the west, groundnut wealth from the north while holding on to their own rubber n timber wealth will not be relinquished back to Igbo tru Aburi. That national wealth of Nigeria you seek to corner will never get to you until you do away with you stealing n fraudulent mentality.

Igbos will not be allowed to eat their cake n still have it simple as A B C.

gidgiddy:


What these people above did was childsplay compared to what Ojukwu did. These people rose up against government but Ojukwu rose up against an entire system and declared independence.

Even in a hundred years, I do not think that Yorubas will have that backbone to declare a seperate country

However, what I'm interested in exposing is that it was Gowon who caused the war by not honouring the agreement he signed in Ghana